High-intensity functional training with an adequate and carbohydrate restricted hypocaloric diet promotes weight loss and cardiometabolic improvements

INTRODUCTION: Excess body weight and its comorbidities represent a major public health issue. Interventions based on diet and exercise have not only been shown to promote weight loss, but also improve overall health, including cardiovascular health. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week hypocaloric low-carbohydrate (CHO) diet coupled with high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on the cardiometabolic risk of overweight adults. METHODS: This is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 31 overweight adults participated in this study, divided into two groups based on the dietary intervention: reduced-CHO (R-CHO, ≤130 g/day; n=15) and adequate-CHO (A-CHO, >130 g/day; n=16). The cardiometabolic risk was assessed using lipidaemic, insulinemia, and glycaemic parameters. A two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was utilized to evaluate the effects of the intervention. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Participants from both groups displayed decreased low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations, as well as the number of risk factors for the metabolic disease after 12 weeks. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration of both groups increased after 12 weeks, however, the result of the intragroup analysis revealed that a significant increase was only observed in the participants from the A-CHO group. CONCLUSION: Reduced or adequate CHO intake was both found to be effective in reducing cardiometabolic risk. However, improvements in HDL and final cardiometabolic classification risk indicated that CHO adequacy in the diet might be a better strategy associated with caloric restriction and HIFT.

Relationship Between the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs11558471 in the SLC30A8/ZnT8 Gene and Cardiometabolic Markers in Postmenopausal Women.

Postmenopausal women have more risk factors for metabolic syndrome, and genetic alterations in SLC30A8 (zinc transporter 8 [ZnT8]) are directly related to these factors. Our aim was to assess the relationship of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11558471 in the SLC30A8/ZnT8 gene with cardiometabolic markers in postmenopausal women. This cross-sectional study included 53 postmenopausal women divided into two groups according to the SNP genotype (AG + GG [n = 25] and AA [n = 28]). Anthropometric, dietary, and biochemical (glycemic, lipidic, hepatic, renal, and hormonal markers) variables were evaluated and compared between groups. No differences in glycemic, hepatic, renal, and hormonal markers were found between groups. However, the group with the polymorphic allele (AG + GG) had a better lipid profile than non-carriers (total cholesterol, p = 0.041; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-c], p = 0.035; non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [non-HDL-c], p = 0.043). Logistic regression showed that the group with polymorphic allele had lower chances of increasing levels of LDL-c (odds ratio [OR] = 0.225, p = 0.012) and non-HDL-c (OR = 0.316, p = 0.045). After adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, and use of diabetes and dyslipidemia drugs, only LDL-c remained associated (OR = 0.218; p = 0.017). The variant allele of SNP rs11558471 in the SLC30A8 gene was associated with better LDL-c levels, which helps reduce the risks for cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.

Cognitive restraint, emotional eating and uncontrolled eating: Exploring factors associated with the cycle of behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with Cognitive Restraint, Emotional Eating, and Uncontrolled Eating behaviors with perceptions of life habits, body image, eating habits, and food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sociodemographic data, eating behavior, perceptions about life and eating habits, body image, and food consumption were collected. Factors associated with each of the three eating behaviors were accessed through three multiple linear regressions controlled for age, sex, BMI, education level, and monthly income. Cognitive restraint was associated with being active during the pandemic (ß = 5.85), attempted weight loss (ß = 11.89), perception of overweight (ß = 9.10), better eating habits in the pandemic (ß = 6.55), and decreased consumption of refined cereals (ß = 5.60) and fast foods (ß = 8.23). Emotional eating was associated with increased stress during the pandemic (ß = 7.10), worse sleep (ß = 4.74), body dissatisfaction (ß = 4.85), perception of overweight (ß = 7.45), attempted weight loss (ß = 4.19), increase in the amount of food consumed (ß = 9.34), increased food delivery purchase (ß = 5.13), increase in consumption of sweets and desserts (ß = 7.17) and reduction in consumption of vegetables (ß=- 5.26). Uncontrolled eating was associated with working>8 h/day (ß = 4.04), increased stress during the pandemic (ß = 3.65), body dissatisfaction (ß = 6.59), worse eating habits in the pandemic (ß = 5.21), and an increase in the amount of food consumed (ß = 8.73). Cognitive restraint behavior was associated with healthy life habits and negative body image variables. In contrast, emotional eating and uncontrolled eating were associated with negative body image and unhealthy eating habits.

Active Vegetarians Show Better Lower Limb Strength and Power than Active Omnivores.

Vegetarian diets have become popular among athletes and active individuals and can have advantages for physical performance, but the results are still conflicting regarding muscle strength and power. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diet and physical performance of vegetarians through tests of dynamic, isometric, and relative strength; muscle power; and aerobic capacity. In this cross-sectional study, 32 vegetarians and 26 omnivores, who were physically active, were evaluated for the Healthy Eating Index and performance tested back squat, handgrip strength, isometric deadlift strength, jump with countermovement, and maximum aerobic speed (MAS). Improved diet quality (63.24±14.40 vs. 54±16.80, p<0.05), greater relative strength (1.03±0.23 vs. 0.91±0.12, p<0.05), and greater jump height (43.77±9.91 vs. 38.45±8.92, p<0.05) were found among vegetarians. No difference was seen in MAS (13.5±2 vs. 11±3, p>0.05) or isometric strength of upper limbs (77±29 vs. 70±50, p>0.05) and lower limbs (89±41 vs. 97±50, p>0.05). Thus, we conclude that vegetarians and omnivores show similar performance in strength and aerobic capacity, but in our sample, vegetarians show higher levels of relative strength and power.

Is Physical Activity Protective against Emotional Eating Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross-Sectional Study among Physically Active and Inactive Adults.

Physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic have been decreasing and this may be a risk factor for development of emotional eating and its associated factors. The aim of the study was to analyze the factors associated with emotional eating among individuals with different physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data relating to the pandemic on physical activity, emotional eating, sociodemographic data, perceptions about lifestyle habits, body satisfaction, and perceptions about eating habits and food consumption were collected. Factors associated with emotional eating in the group of active and inactive individuals were observed using multiple linear regression controlled for age, sex, BMI, and monthly income. Emotional eating for the active group was associated with perceived stress, body dissatisfaction, and increased consumption of sweets and desserts. In addition to these factors found among the active group, working or studying >8 h/day, sleep worsening, increased amount of food consumed, increased purchase of food through delivery, and increased vegetable consumption were also associated with emotional eating for the inactive group. These findings suggest a potential protective role of physical activity in the appearance of factors associated with emotional eating during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Obesity and clinical severity in patients with COVID-19: a scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 strain, was first identified in late 2019 in China. The outcomes of patients affected by the virus can worsen, developing acute respiratory failure and other serious complications, especially in older individuals and people with obesity and comorbidities. Thus, obese patients tend to have a more severe course of COVID-19. Thus, this review aims to synthesize the evidence in the literature that associates COVID-19 and the severity of clinical outcomes in infected obese patients. METHODS: This protocol was designed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols Statement. Scientific and gray literature will be systematically selected from PubMed/MEDLINE, Latin American Literature in Health Sciences, Online Scientific Electronic Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. The selection of articles will be limited to studies published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish from December 2019 onwards. The main clinical outcomes will be clinical severity in obese patients with COVID-19 as tachypnea (respiratory rate, ≥ 30 breaths per minute), hypoxemia (oxygen saturation, ≤ 93%), the ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (< 300), lung infiltrate (> 50% of the lung field involved within 24-48 h), diagnosis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, need of invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. Selection bias will be minimized by excluding studies published before December 2019. Conflicts will be resolved through a third reviewer and consensus-building. Moreover, findings will be reported using narrative synthesis and tabulation of the summaries. DISCUSSION: Given the need for early detection of the possible implications and treatment for patients with obesity diagnosed with COVID-19, the scoping review will be useful to capture the state of the current literature, identify the gaps, and make recommendations for future research for directing the conduct and optimization of therapies in these patients by the multiprofessional teams. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/xrkec.

Caffeine improves biochemical and specific performance after judo training: a double-blind crossover study in a real judo training situation.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional ergogenic aids are foods or nutrients that can improve physical performance. Among these foods with ergogenic properties, caffeine has shown that it can increase the fat catabolism, strength, and improve the cognition and time reaction of an athlete, therefore, it is hoped that it can improve the performance of judokas. This study through a double-blind crossover (supplement X placebo) protocol, investigated the effects caffeine supplementation (single capsule containing 5 mg/kg body mass intake 60 min before the session) on biochemical, anthropometrical, physical, subjective and hemodynamic variables measured before, during and after two typical judo trainingcxs sessions (120-min: 40-min of gymnastics; 40-min of specific technics and; 40-min of judo combat). METHODS: 8 high-level athletes (21.4 ± 2.0 years; 83.6 ± 15.2 kg; 1.8 ± 0.1 m; 17.9 ± 7.0 Fat%) were evaluated before and after each training for body mass, hydration, upper and lower limb power, performance in the special judo fitness test (SJFT), free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma, uric acid, glucose, lactate, heart rate, and pain. In addition, heart rate, FFA in plasma, uric acid, glucose, lactate, rating of perceived exertion and pain were assessed during the training. RESULTS: At 120 min, supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of plasma FFA (1.5 ± 0.5 vs. 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L; p = 0.047) and lactate (4.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 1.2 mmol/L; p = 0.047), and a lower concentration of uric acid (5.4 ± 0.9 vs. 7.0 ± 1.5 mg/dL; p = 0.04). Supplementation also resulted in performance maintenance (fatigue index) in the SJFT (Δ0.3 ± 2.0 vs Δ1.7 ± 2.5, for caffeine and placebo respectively, p = 0.046). No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Based on the applied dose, intake time, and sample of this study, we can conclude that caffeine produces an ergogenic biochemical effect, and improves performance in judo athletes.

Physiological and Performance Impacts After Field Supramaximal High-Intensity Interval Training With Different Work-Recovery Duration.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has numerous external load control variables. The management of these variables makes the physiological responses and performance presented by athletes also modify. The present study aimed to assess the activity of CK and LDH enzymes, performance and metabolic responses caused by two HIIT protocols above the maximum in male recreational runners. Fifteen recreational male runners performed two HIIT protocols in randomized order with multiple conditions: 1) H15 (n = 15), with a HIIT protocol of 15:15 work-recovery duration, and 2) H30 (n = 15) with a HIIT protocol of 30:30 work-recovery duration. Both protocols were performed at similar intensity (130% vV̇O2 max ), one set until voluntary exhaustion. Blood samples were collected and used to capture the levels and activities of blood lactate (BLac: mmol⋅L-1), glucose (GLU: mg⋅dL-1), creatine kinase (CK: U⋅L-1), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH: U⋅L-1). BLac and GLU were collected at pre, five, and ten minutes after the H15 and H30 protocols were performed. Blood samples were used to measure the activities of CK and LDH enzymes, which were verified 24 h before and 48 h after the protocols. The distance traveled (m), total time (s), and bouts performed (rep) were also registered. Significant differences between conditions H15 and H30 were observed in the bouts performed (p = 0.001; ES = 1.19). Several statistical differences were found over time for BLac [pre vs. post 5 (both conditions: p = 0.001), pre vs. post 10 (both conditions: p = 0.001), and post 5 vs. post 10 (H30: p = 0.004)], CK [pre vs. post 24 (H15: p < 0.001; ES = 0.97 and H30: p = 0.001; ES = 0.74) post 24 vs. post 48 (H30: p = 0.03; ES = 0.56)], and LDH [pre vs. post24 (H15: p = 0.008; ES = 1.07 and H30: p = 0.022; ES = 0.85). No statistical differences between conditions were observed for any blood parameter. Thus, the volunteers exhibited equal performance in both protocols, which resulted in a similar physiological response. Despite this similarity, in comparison to H15, the H30 protocol presented lower CK activity post 48 and lactate levels after 10 min post protocol.

Zinc nutritional status influences ZnT1 and ZIP4 gene expression in children with a high risk of zinc deficiency.

INTRODUCTION: Subclinical deficiency of zinc is associated with impairment of immune system function, growth, and cognitive development in children. Although plasma zinc is the best available biomarker of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations, its sensitivity for early detection of deficiency is limited. Therefore, we aimed to investigate zinc deficiency among preschool children and its relationship with whole blood gene expression of zinc transporters ZIP4 and ZnT1. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 139 children aged 32-76 months enrolled in philanthropic day-care centers. We performed an anthropometric evaluation, weighed food record and dietary record for dietary assessment, blood sample collection for zinc, and whole blood gene expression analyses of ZnT1 (SLC30A1) and ZIP4 (SLC39A4). RESULTS: Zinc deficiency was observed in 26.6 % of the children despite adequate zinc intake and a phytate:zinc molar ratio < 18. Usual zinc intake did not affect whole blood gene expression of zinc transporters, but zinc status influenced ZnT1 and ZIP4 whole blood mRNA. Children with zinc deficiency exhibited 37.1 % higher ZnT1 expression and 45.3 % lower ZIP4 expression than children with adequate zinc (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with plasma zinc deficiency exhibited higher expression of ZnT1 and lower expression of ZIP4 in whole blood mRNA, reinforcing the existence of strong regulation of mineral homeostasis according to the nutritional status, indicating that this analysis may be useful in the evaluation of dietary interventions.

Eating habits and body image among gym goers / Hábitos alimentares e imagem corporal entre frequentadores de academias

Although regular exercise is widely recommended to promote health and improvement quality of life, young peoplecommonly report exercising primarily for weight control and for reasons related to their physical appearance. The objectiveof the study was to evaluate the degree of body satisfaction and its association with eating habits of individuals exercisingin gymnasiums. This was a cross-sectional study involving 432 adolescents and young adults (men = 39.8%, women =60.2%). A body self-perception questionnaire and a silhouetted scale was used to evaluate body image, as well as a foodconsumption questionnaire, whose score was calculated using the formula: Eating score = (total of points obtained ÷maximum of possible points according to the number of items filled out) x 100. The scoring scale ranges from 0 to 100 andthe higher the score the greater the inadequacy of eating habits. The chi-squared test was used to analyze the associationbetween the degree of body satisfaction and the ingestion of the food groups, a p-value <0.05 was considered significant.The total prevalence of body dissatisfaction was 75.7% with no significant difference between the sexes. Men were more“dissatisfied with thinness” (58.2%), while women were more “dissatisfied with excess weight” (46.5%). The individualswho were “satisfied” with their body image had a lower score in the food consumption questionnaire (46.96 points) compared to “dissatisfied” individuals (p<0.05) and, therefore, the “satisfied” individuals consumed a higher frequency of vegetable and fruit groups (p <0.05). The association between body dissatisfaction and food groups revealed that peoplewho were “unsatisfied by thinness” had a higher frequency of consumption of processed products, soft drinks and eggs, while those who were “dissatisfied with excess weight” had a higher frequency of consumption of sweets and candies...(AU)

Embora o exercício físico regular seja amplamente recomendado para promover saúde e melhorias na qualidade devida, pessoas jovens comumente relatam se exercitar principalmente para controle de peso e por motivos relacionadosà sua aparência física. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o grau de satisfação corporal e sua associação com hábitosalimentares de indivíduos que se exercitam em academias de ginástica. Trata-se de um estudo transversal contendo 432adolescentes e adultos jovens (homens = 39,8%, mulheres = 60,2%). Aplicou-se um questionário de autopercepçãocorporal e escala de silhuetas para avaliar a imagem corporal, e questionário de consumo alimentar, cuja pontuaçãofoi calculada por meio da fórmula: Escore alimentar = (total de pontos obtidos ÷ máximo de pontos possíveis de acordocom o número de itens preenchidos) x 100. A escala de pontuação varia de 0 a 100 e quanto maior a pontuação maiora inadequação dos hábitos alimentares. O teste do qui-quadrado foi empregado para analisar a associação entre o graude satisfação corporal e a ingestão dos grupos alimentares, valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significante. A prevalênciatotal de insatisfação corporal foi de 75,7% sem diferença significante entre os sexos. Os homens mostram-se mais“insatisfeitos pela magreza” (58,2%), enquanto as mulheres estavam mais “insatisfeitas pelo excesso de peso” (46,5%).Os indivíduos “satisfeitos” com sua imagem corporal apresentaram menor pontuação no questionário de consumoalimentar (46,96 pontos) em comparação aos “insatisfeitos” (p <0,05) e, portanto, os “satisfeitos” apresentaram maiorfrequência de ingestão dos grupos dos vegetais, legumes e frutas (p <0,05). A associação entre a insatisfação corporal eos grupos alimentares revelou que pessoas “insatisfeitas pela magreza” apresentaram maior frequência de consumo de...(AU)

Eating habits and body image among gym goers / Hábitos alimentares e imagem corporal entre frequentadores de academias

Although regular exercise is widely recommended to promote health and improvement quality of life, young people commonly report exercising primarily for weight control and for reasons related to their physical appearance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the degree of body satisfaction and its association with eating habits of individuals exercising in gymnasiums. This was a cross-sectional study involving 432 adolescents and young adults (men = 39.8%, women = 60.2%). A body self-perception questionnaire and a silhouetted scale was used to evaluate body image, as well as a food consumption questionnaire, whose score was calculated using the formula: Eating score = (total of points obtained ÷ maximum of possible points according to the number of items filled out) x 100. The scoring scale ranges from 0 to 100 and the higher the score the greater the inadequacy of eating habits. The chi-squared test was used to analyze the association between the degree of body satisfaction and the ingestion of the food groups, a p-value <0.05 was considered significant. The total prevalence of body dissatisfaction was 75.7% with no significant difference between the sexes. Men were more "dissatisfied with thinness" (58.2%), while women were more "dissatisfied with excess weight" (46.5%). The individuals who were "satisfied" with their body image had a lower score in the food consumption questionnaire (46.96 points) compared to "dissatisfied" individuals (p<0.05) and, therefore, the "satisfied" individuals consumed a higher frequency of vegetable and fruit groups (p <0.05). The association between body dissatisfaction and food groups revealed that people who were "unsatisfied by thinness" had a higher frequency of consumption of processed products, soft drinks and eggs, while those who were "dissatisfied with excess weight" had a higher frequency of consumption of sweets and candies. In this study, a high prevalence of body dissatisfaction among young individuals attending gymnasiums was observed, which was associated with a higher frequency of an inadequate diet

Embora o exercício físico regular seja amplamente recomendado para promover saúde e melhorias na qualidade de vida, pessoas jovens comumente relatam se exercitar principalmente para controle de peso e por motivos relacionados à sua aparência física. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o grau de satisfação corporal e sua associação com hábitos alimentares de indivíduos que se exercitam em academias de ginástica. Trata-se de um estudo transversal contendo 432 adolescentes e adultos jovens (homens = 39,8%, mulheres = 60,2%). Aplicou-se um questionário de autopercepção corporal e escala de silhuetas para avaliar a imagem corporal, e questionário de consumo alimentar, cuja pontuação foi calculada por meio da fórmula: Escore alimentar = (total de pontos obtidos ÷ máximo de pontos possíveis de acordo com o número de itens preenchidos) x 100. A escala de pontuação varia de 0 a 100 e quanto maior a pontuação maior a inadequação dos hábitos alimentares. O teste do qui-quadrado foi empregado para analisar a associação entre o grau de satisfação corporal e a ingestão dos grupos alimentares, valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significante. A prevalência total de insatisfação corporal foi de 75,7% sem diferença significante entre os sexos. Os homens mostram-se mais "insatisfeitos pela magreza" (58,2%), enquanto as mulheres estavam mais "insatisfeitas pelo excesso de peso" (46,5%). Os indivíduos "satisfeitos" com sua imagem corporal apresentaram menor pontuação no questionário de consumo alimentar (46,96 pontos) em comparação aos "insatisfeitos" (p <0,05) e, portanto, os "satisfeitos" apresentaram maior frequência de ingestão dos grupos dos vegetais, legumes e frutas (p <0,05). A associação entre a insatisfação corporal e os grupos alimentares revelou que pessoas "insatisfeitas pela magreza" apresentaram maior frequência de consumo de produtos industrializados, refrigerantes e ovos, enquanto que os "insatisfeitos pelo excesso de peso" possuíram maior frequência de consumo de doces e balas. Observou-se neste estudo alta prevalência de insatisfação corporal entre indivíduos jovens que frequentam academias de ginástica, a qual esteve associada à maior frequência de inadequação alimentar

Fatores associados ao risco de insegurança alimentar e nutricional em famílias de assentamentos rurais / Factors associated with food insecurity risk and nutrition in rural settlements of families

Resumo A insegurança alimentar ocorre quando o direito a uma alimentação em qualidade e quantidade adequada de forma regular é desrespeitado. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a situação de insegurança alimentar (IAN) e suas possíveis associações com variáveis socioeconômicas e dietéticas em assentamentos rurais de Sergipe. Essa situação foi verificada através da escala brasileira de insegurança alimentar e as associações através da análise de regressão multivariada por odds ratio (OR). Foram avaliadas 179 famílias de quatro assentamentos do estado de Sergipe. Identificou-se prevalência de 88,8% de IAN, sendo 48,6% insegurança leve, 25,1% moderada e 15,1% grave. Associação estatística ajustada foi encontrada entre a IAN e as variáveis renda familiar per capita (ORa = 3,11, p = 0,008) e variedade alimentar (Ora = 2,73, p = 0,004). As famílias apresentaram alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar e nutricional, determinada nesta população, pela baixa renda familiar e pela baixa variedade da alimentação. É imprescindível políticas públicas mais efetivas, que, de fato, garantam a segurança alimentar e sejam mais completas, visando também à educação nutricional e maior possibilidade para produção de alimentos.

Abstract Food insecurity occurs when the right to food in adequate quality and quantity on a regular basis is disrespected. This study aimed to identify food and nutrition insecurity (FNI) and its possible association with socioeconomic and dietary variables in rural settlements of Sergipe. We verified food insecurity through the Brazilian of Food Insecurity Scale and associations via odds ratio multivariate regression analysis. We evaluated 179 families from four rural settlements in the state of Sergipe. An FNI prevalence of 88.8% was identified (48.6% light insecurity, 25.1% moderate and 15.1% severe). An adjusted statistical association was found between FNI and variables family income per capita (ORa = 3.11, p = 0.008) and food variety (ORa = 2.73, p = 0.004). Families showed high prevalence of food and nutritional insecurity, determined by low income and low variety of food in this population. It is essential to implement more effective and comprehensive public policies that actually ensure food security, also aiming at nutrition education and greater food production opportunities.

Inadequação nutricional na dieta de atletas adolescentes / Nutritional inadequacy in dietary intake of school athletes

INTRODUÇÃO: Os atletas adolescentes têm uma demanda energética aumentada devido à prática competitiva de exercício físico, apresentando maiores riscos de inadequações nutricionais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar de atletas escolares envolvidos em diferentes modalidades esportivas. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 129 adolescentes, de ambos os gêneros, praticantes de tênis, natação, ginástica (artística e rítmica) e judô de equipes do município de Aracaju (SE), Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo, com auxílio de registro fotográfico, para estimar a ingestão de macro e micronutrientes e porções dos grupos alimentares. RESULTADOS: Entre os analisados, 41,2% eram do gênero feminino, com média de idade de 13,54±2,45 anos. Independente do gênero, os adolescentes mais velhos apresentaram maior ingestão energética e de macronutrientes (p<0,05), porém com semelhança na prevalência de inadequação em relação aos mais novos. Com relação aos micronutrientes, a comparação entre os gêneros mostrou maior prevalência de inadequações entre meninas mais novas para vitamina E, cálcio e ferro. Entre os meninos, apenas a inadequação do cálcio foi significativamente maior para os mais novos. Independente do gênero e da idade, observou-se baixa ingestão de lácteos e hortaliças, além do elevado consumo de doces, carnes e ovos. CONCLUSÃO: A dieta dos atletas adolescentes estudados mostrou inadequação de macro e de micronutrientes, especialmente entre as atletas mais novas. Faz-se essencial o desenvolvimento de ações de aconselhamento nutricional individual ou em grupo com vistas a adquirir hábitos alimentares adequados.

INTRODUCTION: Young athletes have an increased energy demand because of the competitive practice of physical exercise, presenting greater risks of nutritional inadequacies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dietary intake of school athletes who practice different sports by gender and age. METHODS: The sample consisted of 129 adolescents of both genders, who were tennis, swimming, gymnastics (artistic and rhythmic), and judo athletes of sports teams in the city of Aracaju (SE), Brazil. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was applied, which was also supported by a photographic record, to estimate the dietary intake of macro and micronutrients as well as food portions. RESULTS: Among the young athletes analyzed, 41.2% were female with a mean age of 13.54±2.45 years. Regardless of gender, older adolescents had higher energy and macronutrient intakes (p<0.05), but presented similar prevalence of inadequacy in relation to the young. Regarding micronutrients, the comparison between genders showed a higher prevalence of inadequacy among younger girls for vitamin E, calcium and iron. Among boys, only the inadequacy of calcium was significantly higher among the younger athletes. Regardless of gender and age, there was a low intake of dairy products and vegetables and a high consumption of sweets, meats and eggs. CONCLUSION: The diet of adolescent athletes studied showed inadequacy of macro and micronutrients, especially among the younger athletes. It is essential to develop individual or in group nutritional counseling, so that they may acquire proper eating habits.

Balanço energético e composição corporal entre atletas escolares / Energy balance and body composition in student athletes / Balance energético y composición corporal de atletas escolares

Objetivo: Relacionar a composição corporal e o balanço energético de atletas escolares. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analítico, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu entre os anos de 2010 e 2012. A amostra constituída por 134 adolescentes de 10 a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, praticantes de cinco modalidades distintas: judô, natação, tênis, ginástica rítmica e ginástica artística. As dobras cutâneas foram utilizadas como método para avaliação da composição corporal e o balanço energético (BE) foi calculado a partir da subtração do valor energético total consumido (VET) pelo valor das necessidades energéticas estimadas (NEE). Os procedimentos estatísticos foram realizados no programa SPSS 19.0. Utilizouse o teste t de Student para a comparação dos dados entre sexos e as correlações foram realizadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Valores de p≤0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: Os mais velhos de ambos os sexos apresentaram maiores valores de circunferência muscular do braço (CMB) e percentual de gordura (%G). Foi possível perceber uma correlação negativa e significativa entre BE e %G para o sexo masculino e uma correlação positiva, porém sem significância no sexo feminino. Observou-se também, que a maioria (51,1%) dos participantes apresentou balanço energético positivo. Conclusão: Um balanço energético positivo foi encontrado na maioria dos adolescentes avaliados e esse dado se correlacionou negativamente com a composição corporal apenas nos meninos. No entanto, no sexo feminino, não foi observada correlação entre essas variáveis.

Objective: To relate the energy balance and the body composition of student athletes. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study, whose data was collected between the years 2010 and 2012. The sample consisted of 134 male and female adolescents, aged 10 to 18 years, engaged in any of five distinct activities: judo, swimming, tennis, rhythmic gymnastics and artistic gymnastics. The skinfolds were used as method for assessing body composition and the energy balance (EB) was calculated by subtracting the total energy intake (TEI) from the value of their estimated energy needs (EEN). All statistical procedures were performed using SPSS 19.0. Student's t-test was used to compare data between genders, and the correlations were performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Values of p≤0.05 were considered significant. Results: The older individuals in both genders showed higher values of mid-upper arm circumference (MAC) and body fat percentage (BFP). It was possible to perceive a significant negative correlation between EB and BFP for males, and a positive, but not significant, correlation in females. It was also observed that a majority of the participants (51.1%) showed a positive energy balance. Conclusion: A positive energy balance was found in a majority of the adolescents evaluated and this data was negatively correlated with body composition only in boys. Among women, however, there was no correlation between these variables.

Objetivo: Relacionar la composición corporal y el balance energético de atletas escolares. Métodos: Se trata de un estúdio transversal y analítico cuya la recogida de datos se dio entre los años de 2010 y 2012. La muestra se constituyó de 134 adolescentes entre 10 y 18 años, de ambos los sexos, practicantes de cinco modalidades distintas: judo, natación, tenis, gimnasia rítmica y gimnasia deportiva. Las pliegas cutáneas fue el método utilizado para la evaluación de la composición corporal y el cálculo del balance energético (BE) fue realizado a partir de la disminución del valor energético total consumido (VET) por el valor de las necesidades de energía estimadas (NEE). Los procedimientos estadísticos fueron realizados en el programa SPSS 19.0. El teste t de Student fue utilizado para la comparación de los datos entre los sexos y las correlaciones fueron realizadas a través del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Valores de p≤0,05 fueron considerados significativos. Resultados: Los mayores de ambos los sexos presentaron mayores valores de la circunferencia muscular del brazo (CMB) y del porcentaje de grasa (%G). Se percibió uma correlación negativa y significativa entre el BE y la %G para el sexo masculino y una correlación positiva pero sin significância para el sexo femenino. También se observó que la mayoría (51,1%) de los participantes presentó balance energético positivo. Conclusión: Un balance energético positivo fue encontrado en la mayoría de los adolescentes evaluados y ese dato se correlaciono de manera negativa con la composición corporal solamente para los niños. Sin embargo, para el sexo femenino, no se observo correlación entre las variables.

Frequency of healthy eating habits among students of a public university in Northeastern Brazil / Frequência de hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre estudantes de uma universidade pública do Nordeste do Brasil / Frecuencia de hábitos alimentarios saludables de Estudiantes de una universidad pública del Noreste de Brasil

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the frequency of healthy eating habits among students of a public university in Northeastern Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional population-based study. The sample was randomly composed of 933 undergraduate students of both genders aged 18-35 years. The frequency of healthy eating habits was assessed based on the adherence to the 10 Steps to Healthy Eating proposed by Brazil's Ministry of Health. The frequency of each step was measured through questions compiled from previous publications. Results: The steps to the healthy eating with the lowest frequencies of adherence were related to the practice of adding salt to prepared foods (18.6%, n=185) and to the consumption of fruits and vegetables (28.3%, n=281) and foods rich in fat (21.5%, n=213) and sugar (48.9%, n=486). However, there was an adequate consumption of beans (83.8%,n=832) and a prevalence of normal nutritional status of 69.6% (n=691) among the students. None of the interviewees followed all the steps to the healthy eating. The average adherence rate was at least 6 steps. Men and women presented different habits and food preferences. Conclusion: The university students presented a low frequency of healthy eating habits due to the high intake of food high in fat and sugar and mainly the low consumption of fruits and vegetables and the practice of adding salt to prepared foods. This may, in turn, predispose them to increased risks of morbidity and mortality from noncommunicable diseases.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi medir a frequência de hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre estudantes de uma universidade pública do Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional. A amostra foi aleatoriamente composta por 993 graduandos, ambos os sexos e idade entre 18 e 35 anos. A frequência de hábitos alimentares saudáveis foi avaliada a partir da adesão aos 10 Passos para a Alimentação Saudável propostos pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. A frequência de cada passo foi coletada por meio de perguntas compiladas a partir de publicações prévias. Resultados: Os passos da alimentação saudável, que tiveram as menores frequências de adesão, estiveram relacionados à prática de adicionar sal aos alimentos prontos (18,6%, n=185) e ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças (28,3%, n=281) e de alimentos gordurosos (21,5%, n=213) e ricos em açúcar (48,9%, n=486). No entanto, observou-se um adequado consumo de feijão (83,8%, n=832) e a prevalência de estado nutricional eutrófico de 69,6% (n=691) entre os estudantes. Nenhum dos indivíduos entrevistados aderiu a todos os passos da alimentação saudável. A taxa média de adesão foi de, pelo menos, 6 passos. Homens e mulheres apresentaram hábitos e preferências alimentares distintos. Conclusão: Os estudantes universitários apresentaram baixa frequência de hábitos alimentares saudáveis devido à alta ingestão de alimentos ricos em gordura e açúcar e devido, principalmente, ao baixo consumo de frutas e vegetais e a prática de adição de sal aos alimentos já preparados. Isto pode, por sua vez, predispô-los a um maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade por doenças não transmissíveis.

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue medir la frecuencia de hábitos alimentarios saludables entre estudiantes de una universidad pública del noreste de Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal de base poblacional. La muestra fue randomizada y consistió de 933 estudiantes de graduación, de ambos los sexos y edades entre 18 y 35 años. La frecuencia de hábitos alimentarios saludables fue valorada a partir de la adhesión de 10 pasos para la Alimentación Saludable propuesta por el Ministerio de la Salud de Brasil.Se recogió la frecuencia de cada paso a través de cuestiones elaboradas de publicaciones anteriores. Resultados: Los pasos de la alimentación saludable los cuales tuvieron las más bajas frecuencias de adhesión estuvieron relacionadas con las practicas de la adición de sal en las comidas preparadas (18,6%, n=185) y al consumo de frutas y vegetales (28,3%, n=281) y de las comidas llenas de grasa (21,5%, n=213) y azúcar (48,9%, n=486). Sin embargo, un adecuado consumo de frijoles (83,8%, n=832) y la prevalencia del estado nutricional normal del 69,6% (n=691) fueron observados entre los estudiantes. Ninguno de los indivíduos entrevistados siguió los pasos de la alimentación saludable. La tasa media de adhesión fue de al menos 6 pasos. Hombres y mujeres han demostrado hábitos distintos y preferencias de comidas. Conclusión: Los estudiantes universitarios presentaron baja frecuencia de hábitos alimentarios saludables debido a la elevada ingesta de comidas con elevado nivel de grasa y azúcar y, principalmente, al bajo consumo de frutas y vegetables y la práctica de adicción de sal en las comidas preparadas. Eso puede contribuir a la predisposición de riesgos elevados de morbidad y mortalidad por enfermedades no comunicables.

Conocimiento sobre alimentación y nutrición después del desarrollo de actividades de educación alimentaria entre niños y adolescentes deportistas / Nutritional knowledge after conducting nutritional aducation activities between children and adolescents sportspeople / Conhecimento sobre alimentação e nutrição após o desenvolvimento de atividades de educação alimentar entre crianças e adolescentes esportistas

Evaluar el efecto de actividades de educación alimentaria en el conocimiento sobre nutrición básica y deportiva en niños y adolescentes deportistas. Métodos: participaron sujetos de ambos géneros, entre 9 y 19 años. Una muestra de 64 sujetos contestó al cuestionario antes del desarrollo de la intervención y los 27 sujetos que participaron de todas las actividades, volvieron a contestar al cuestionario después del desarrollo de la intervención. Para la evaluación de los cambios en su conocimiento sobre nutrición se aplicó el test de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Después de la intervención se observó un incremento significativo (p<0,05) en el porcentaje de aciertos para todos los temas del cuestionario (General, Nutrición Básica, Pirámide Alimentaria y Alimentación Deportiva).

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of food education activities on the basic and sports nutrition knowledge among young sportspeople. Methods: subjects of both genders, with ages between 9 and 19 years. To assess the nutrition knowledge, 64 subjects answered a questionnaire before the development of nutrition education activities. After the intervention, 27 subjects, who attended to all of the meetings, answered the same questionnaire. To assess the increase on their nutritional knowledge after the intervention the Wilcoxon test were used. Results: After the intervention, there was a significant increase in the percentage of correct answers (p<0.05) in all of questionnaire themes (General, Basic Nutrition, Food Pyramid and Sports Nutrition).

Avaliar o efeito de atividades de educação alimentar no conhecimento sobre nutrição básica e esportiva de crianças e adolescentes esportistas. Metodologia: participaram indivíduos de ambos gêneros, entre 9 e 19 anos. Uma amostra de 64 indivíduos respondeu ao questionário na fase pré-intervenção destes, 27 indivíduos participaram de todas as atividades e responderam ao questionário de conhecimento em nutrição após o protocolo de intervenção. Aplicou-se o teste de Wilcoxon para avaliação da mudança. Resultados: Após a intervenção, observou-se um aumento significativo (p<0,05) no percentual de acertos em todos os temas do questionário (Geral, Nutrição Básica, Pirâmide alimentar e Alimentação esportiva).

Micronutrients influencing the immune response in leprosy.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an intracellular bacillus of airborne transmission. The disease affects the skin and peripheral nerves and can cause neurological sequelae. The bacillus multiplies slowly in the host and the disease probably occurs due to malfunctioning in host immune response. This review addresses the role of some specific micronutrients in the immune response, such as Vitamins A, D, E, C, Zinc and Selenium, detailing their mechanisms of actions in infectious diseases, and in leprosy. The immune response to pathogens releases harmful substances, which lead to tissue damage. This review discusses how a decreased level of antioxidants may contribute to an increased oxidative stress and complications of infectious diseases and leprosy. As the nutrients have a regulatory effect in the innate and adaptative immune responses, a perfect balance in their concentrations is important to improve the immune response against the pathogens.

Conhecimento em nutrição de instrutores de musculação do município de Aracaju-SE / Nutritional knowledge of fitness instructors in Aracaju-SE / Conocimiento nutricional por los instructores de preparación física em la ciudad de Aracaju-SE

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o conhecimento em nutrição de instrutores de musculação do município de Aracaju/SE. Os participantes eram compostos por 111 professores e 58 estagiários e responderam um questionário com perguntas sobre alimentação, orientação nutricional e um teste sobre conhecimento em nutrição. 65% dos instrutores relataram dar orientação nutricional aos seus alunos. Os participantes responderam corretamente a 59,7% das questões do teste de conhecimento nutricional. Os instrutores de forma geral tiveram maiores percentuais de acerto nas questões sobre Nutrição geral, do que Nutrição esportiva.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the nutrition knowledge of fitness instructors in Aracaju/SE. The participants were compound of 111 teachers and 58 trainees and completed questionnaires regarding feeding, nutrition advice and nutrition knowledge. 65% of the respondents provided nutrition advice. The participants correctly answered to 59,7% of the nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Fitness instructors showed to have a higher percentage of correct answers in questions related to General nutrition than in Sports nutrition.

El objeivo del estudio fue analizar el conocimiento de los instructores de preparación física en Aracaju/SE. Los participantes eran 111 profesores y 58 pasantes, que respondieron a preguntas acerca de la alimentación, asesoramiento nutricional y uma prueba de conocimientos de nutrición. 65% de los instructores dijeron que orientan sus alumnos. Los participantes respondieron correctamente a 59,7% de las preguntas de la prueba de conocimiento de nutrición. Los profesores, en general, tenían un mayor porcentaje de respuestas correctas a preguntas acerca de la nutrición en general, que acerca de la nutrición deportiva.

Índice de qualidade da dieta de mulheres usuárias de um programa de atividade física regular "Academia da Cidade", Aracajú, SE / Healthy eating index of women exercising in the "City Gym Program", Aracajú, Sergipe, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade da dieta de mulheres praticantes de atividades físicas do Programa Academia da Cidade segundo idade e estado nutricional, Aracajú, Sergipe. MÉTODOS: Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e dietéticos de 169 mulheres. O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta foi obtido a partir da média de aplicação de dois recordatórios de 24 horas. Os dados do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta total e de seus componentes foram analisados de acordo com o índice de massa corporal (obesos e não obesos) e a faixa etária (adultos jovens e adultos velhos). Foram realizadas análise estatística descritiva e Análise de Variância para a comparação das médias de pontuação do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Na população estudada, com idade média de 49,2 anos, 24,85% das mulheres foram consideradas obesas, e 43,20% com obesidade abdominal. A pontuação média do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta foi 66,64 pontos, com 90,60% da população apresentando dieta com necessidade de modificações. No componente hortaliças, as obesas apresentaram menor consumo do que as não obesas. Com relação à idade, aos componentes hortaliças, leite e derivados, à variedade da dieta e à pontuação final, obtiveram-se notas maiores entre adultos velhos. CONCLUSÃO: A população apresentou hábitos alimentares inadequados principalmente entre as mais novas e as com excesso de peso. Assim, frisa-se a importância de estratégias educacionais voltadas à nutrição na efetivação de uma vida saudável.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the diet quality of women exercising in the "City Gym Program" according to age and nutritional status, in Aracajú, Sergipe, Brazil. METHODS: Sociodemographic, anthropometric and dietary data of 169 women were collected. The Diet Quality Index was calculated by taking the average of two 24-hour recalls. Total Diet Quality Index data and its components were analyzed according to BMI (obese and non-obese) and age (young adults and older adults). Descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of variance were done for comparing the mean Diet Quality Index score of the groups. RESULTS: SThe average age of the sample of 169 women was 49.24 years, of which 24.85% were obese and 43.20% had abdominal obesity. The average Diet Quality Index score was 66.64 points, with 90.60% of the population requiring dietary changes. Obese women consumed fewer vegetables than non-obese. Meanwhile, older adults had better scores regarding vegetable intake, dairy product intake and diet variety, and a better final score. CONCLUSION: The population presented poor eating habits, especially young and overweight women. Therefore, educational nutrition strategies are very important and highly recommended for the promotion of healthier lifestyles.

Diet composition is associated with obesity in active women / La composición nutricional de la dieta se asocia con obesidad en mujeres activas

This study evaluated the contribution of diet composition in physically active women to test the hypothesis that energy, lipids, carbohydrates and fiber are the nutrients that directly affect obesity in this population. We used a cross-sectional analysis of 165 adult women who practice at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week. The outcome variables were body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Individuals were classified into groups according to BMI as either obese or non-obese (BMI ≥ 30 kglm² or < 30 kglm², respectively), and by WC as either with risk or without risk (WC ≥ 88 cm or <88 cm, respectively). Dietary intake was assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall. A multiple means (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean consumption of the groups. In this study, 69.1% of women were overweight or obese. Obese women consumed significantly more energy and cholesterol and less carbohydrate (p <0.05) and tended to have a lower intake of fiber (p <0.10) than the non-obese women. Moreover, women with higher WC consume significantly more energy (p <0.05) and tend to have a lower consumption of carbohydrates and fiber (p <0.10) than women with minor WC. The results showed that, despite being physically active, the women studied had an average BMI indicative of obesity, showing that dietary patterns are highly correlated with this condition. We found that low consumption of carbohydrates andfiber and high consumption of energy and cholesterol contributed significantly to obesity among women.

El objetivo de este estudio fue avaluar la contribución de la composición de la dieta en el sobrepeso de mujeres que practican actividad física, basado en el supuesto de que el alto consumo de energía y lípidos y el bajo consumo de carbohidratos y fibras son factores preponderantes en la etiología de la obesidad de esta población. Se utilizó un análisis transversal en 165 mujeres adultas que practicaban, por lo menos, 150 minutos de actividad física moderada por semana. Las variables de resultado fueron el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Las personas se clasificaron en grupos según el IMC - obesos (IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2) y no obesos (IMC < 30 kg/m2) - y de acuerdo con CC - con riesgo ≥ 88 cm y sin riesgo <88 cm. La ingestión dietética se evaluó con una encuesta de recordatorio de 24 horas. Para hacer la comparación de las medias de consumo de los grupos se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Se observó que 69,1% de las mujeres presentaban sobrepeso/obesidad. Las mujeres obesas consumían significativamente más energía y colesterol y menos carbohidratos (p <0,05) y menos consumo de fibras (p <0,10), lo que no sucede en las mujeres no obesas. Además, las mujeres con mayor CC consumían significativamente más energía (p <0,05) y presentaron una tendencia para menor consumo de carbohidratos y fibras (p <0,10), lo que no sucede en las mujeres con menor CC. Los resultados mostraron que, aunque estas mujeres eran fisicamente activas, tenían un IMC medio de sobrepeso, lo que indica que los hábitos alimentarios están altamente correlacionadas con este factor. Se sugiere que el bajo consumo de carbohidratos y fibras y el alto consumo de energía y colesterol han contribuido expresivamente para la obesidad entre las mujeres.